Hoauy Jot village, Paksong district, Champasack province, is big village located near Pha Nuan reservoir about 1.5 kilometres to the North, with Nong Hen Village about 27 kilometres in the South, with Nam Kong village about 12 kilometres to the East, and 20 kilometres West with Pha Nouan Dong village. This village is accessible for both seasons due to the location near the main road from Pakse to Paksong, as 50 kilometres from Pakse and 46 kilometres from Paksong. This village is surrounded by 4 lakes as Houay Lieng, Houay Se Piene, Houay Por and Houay Lom. Besides, villagers used water from the upper stream as drinking and household use.
There is no dispensary in the village but it still find one medical bank with two local nurses stayed in the village. Villagers have to go to the district hospital about 19 kilometres far from the village for the severe illnesses. The main diseases are malaria, dengue fever and others. Most villagers usually cure their sickness in the village by purchasing tablets and seeking sharman advices. Children and women under pregnancies got vaccination.
There is one rice mill found in this village. Other durable goods that were shown as assets for villagers are as follows: 8 motorcycles, 79 bicycles, 8 sewing machines, 10 tapes recorder and 10 radios.
Hoauy Jot village was established about 170 years ago, and the population in this village were from difference places as from Se Pien, Houay Phieo and Old Hoauy Jot villages. All three villages were emerged into current Hoauy Jot village.
Nha Heune is the main ethnic group found for all villagers. Mr. Sam, the first of Nha Heun ethnic leader was the first settler this village. The reason to settle this village at this location due to the availability of the plains and the quality of the soil suitable for agriculture practices.
All villagers practice their traditional animistic practices as seen they are seeking advices from sharman for village ceremony and household works as funeral, curing their sickness, and others. Village ceremony was organised each year, and killing buffaloes, pigs and chicken and alcohol were served during 3 days ceremony. It is unlikely to accept outsiders during their funeral and treatment of their illnesses as clearly indicated by the sign in the village gate.
Hoauy Jot village is located in Paksong district, Champasack Province. There are 105 households of 373 inhabitants in the village; 154 men and 219 women. In the village, there are about 173 persons can be accounted as main labors, 28 secondary labors (helpers in the family) and 2 Government officers (Soldiers).
The population of Hoauy Jot village was 373 people at that time of the visit. There is no immigration in the village by village headman record. It is recorded that about 5 births each year and also 5 deaths in which 3 were died by malaria.
Table below is given the picture of the total population under different age groups which is shown the labour input is under the fourth age group including supported labour (helpers). The indication of the number of children in the village is clearly shown in all 3 first age groups, this means that the number of children and elders in the village is overweight that of total labour input in the village.
|
No. |
Age |
Total number |
Female |
Male |
|
1. |
1 - 4 years old |
60 |
37 |
23 |
|
2. |
5 - 9 years old |
57 |
24 |
33 |
|
3. |
10 – 14 years old |
55 |
31 |
24 |
|
4. |
15 – 60 years old |
173 |
91 |
82 |
|
5. |
Over 60 years old |
28 |
21 |
7 |
|
|
Total |
373 |
204 |
169 |
There is one primary school with 2 grades classes operated in the village, and the rest of 3 grades joined in another neighboured school. Only one teacher is found in the school of 2 grades (of 30 hours average per week). There are 56 pupils, in which half is girls of the total number pupils in the school, but in reality the number of girls in the highest grade is relatively lower than half of the total number pupils in that grade and no female as one fourth or one fifth . Based on the village information, there are 30 pupils finished primary school, in which 19 are males. This means that there is some number of students dropped out from school each year due to the high requirement of labour in the family. Although there is no secondary school in the village, but 8 children (all males) finished lower secondary school.
|
Type of school |
Number of school |
number of the class |
Number of the student |
||
|
|
|
|
Total |
Male |
Female |
|
Pre-school |
No |
No |
No |
No |
No |
|
Primary school |
1 |
|
|
|
|
1st. class |
|
1 |
21 |
10 |
11 |
2 nd. Class |
|
1 |
9 |
5 |
4 |
3 th. Class |
Share school with another village |
|
16 |
10 |
6 |
4 th. Class |
|
|
13 |
9 |
4 |
5 th. Class |
|
|
7 |
4 |
3 |
|
Lower secondary school |
No |
No |
No |
No |
No |
|
Higher secondary school |
No |
No |
No |
No |
No |
Based on the socio-economic, population in the village can be classified under 84 better-off households, 15 averaged households, and 6 poor households. Main activities of population in this village is shifting cultivation practices, as seen every household has upland fields of rice and coffee plantation, except for only 3 households own rainfed paddy rice fields of 2 hectares of rainfed paddy rice fields.
The total rice production for the village is about 18,764 kilograms which cannot supplement the village needs for 3 months from August till October.
Livestock as buffaloes, cattle, pigs found raised at each household. There are 46 buffaloes, 2 cattle, 10 pigs and 150 poultry for the whole village.
The total area under coffee plantation is about 46 ha, and half of these are productive. About 300 ha is specified as community forest. The yield of upland rice production is relatively low, as 800 kg per ha. Besides cardamon plantation of 2 ha is also found only in one household.
The main source of income generating for villagers is from coffee plantation and others from non-timber forest products. About 28 million kips is income from coffee and others for the whole village beside the main activity as upland crops accounted of 1,000,000 kips for the whole village.
Villagers are relied upon natural resources for their livelihood. Most of forest products were still undertaken by villagers but these were carried out for home consumption. Forest products as non-timber forest products and wild animals are important for their livelihood besides the agriculture products. Forest products like sawn timber, firewood, wood pile for fencing, and other non-timber forest products e.g. honey, wild vegetables, rattan, bamboos and others are collected for household use and consumption. It is also reported that about 80% of the total area of the village is under forest cover.
The establishment of some rules for managing forest and control of hunting wild animals was settled by all villagers but encouraging these activities is still weak as seen the continuation of hunting (based on the village headman’s report, there are 8 rifles found in the village) and encroaching to the dense forests. Land allocation was not yet implemented in this village.
Fishing is still found as important activity and fish is still abundant in this village due to the existing of various streams around the village. There are many types of fish found in this area. - Natural fish, such as: Pajat, Carp, Pako, Palat, Pakang, Pafa and etc. Besides, fishpond also found adopted by villagers about 2.47 ha and the majority of fish are carps.
Nowadays, wild animals that still found abundant around this village are as follows: muntjak deer, wild boar, squirrel, chip munk, cevet cat, tiger, elephants, bears, red monkey, others.
Major expenditures that households usually spend in the market are as follows: rice, medicine, clothing and other necessary needs as salt,
There are 14 women headed –households in the village. The major responsibilities of women are as follows:
Besides, women have also responsible to household workloads including fetching rice for milling, fetching water for household use, fire woods, cooking and supports to farm activities as growing vegetables, weeding and harvesting. These activities are usually their daily activities together with looking after many children in the family.
It is still found that women have no input for the family income, decision making, education and participation in social work.
Enough agriculture land.
Enough tool and material for their practices
Enough buffaloes as draught animals for the land preparation.
The agriculture production facing with the drought and infested by insects.
No market access for production selling
Not enough tools and equipment for agriculture activity
Rice shortage during August to October.
Rats and insects affect their agriculture production.
|
Items of activities |
Period of agriculture activities |
Remark |
|||||||||||
|
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
10 |
11 |
12 |
|
|
Upland Agriculture |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- Slashing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- Sowing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- Weeding |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- Harvesting |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Rainfed Rice |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- Plowing the soil |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- Making the seed bed |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- Transplanting |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- Harvesting |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Coffee plantation |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- Slashing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- Burning |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- Plan ting |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- Weeding |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- Harvesting |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- The diseases occurred with the animals in Hoyjot village as follows:
Data 28/12/1998
Pak Pe village is bordered to May Phoudeng village on the North, to Houay Soi village on the South where the dam is built, to Hine Dam village on the East, and Nam Pa river on the Western side. This village is far from the district town, about 25 kilometres with the road access to the village.
Population in Pak Pe village were from different places e.g. Darkalak, Darkloy, Tamoron and old Pak Pe.
Mr. Theua and Mr. Meui chief of Tamoron and old Pakpe Village of Alak ethnic minority is the current village leadership. Villagers left this village during the war from 1964 till 1973 to stay in the forest area. The current Pak Pe village was established in 1991.
This village is located near Houay Pe watershed about 6 kilometres. The reason that population migrated from the old Pak Pe and other villages is the occurrence of severe diseases that led to many deaths in the village. This village was selected prior to the availability of the plains along valleys on both sides and the existing of stream for both drinking and use water. There are 3 main streams found nearby this village as Houay Pe, Haouy Heo, and Houay Nam Touy. These water sources are the main natural ressources of fishing, drinking and using in the vilalge.
There is no dispensary and no medical bank in the village. It was reported that there is no medical assistance in the village. Villagers cure their severe illnesses in the hospital far from village about 36 kilometres. There is one local traditional health service. ? - 4 mid - wife
Main religious festival, Kaokieb was in March every year. During this festival, alcohol (Lau Hai) is made and offered to guests and between themselves. Phakhao festival, one of religious days was organised in October. Making alcohol and killing buffaloes was specific offers during this festival as drinking and dancing. Killing buffaloes was also done during the wedding ceremony and others ceremony to their ancestors.
Other durable goods found in the village can be accounted as main assets own by villagers are13 bicycles, 15 tapes recorder, 1 sewing machine, 7 rifles
Pak Pe village is jurisdicated to Sanexay district of Attapeu Province. There are 28 households with the total population of 128, out of which 78 are women. About half of the total population in the village can be accounted as main labour for farm activities. All villagers are Alak ethnic minority.
|
No. |
Age |
Total number |
Female |
Male |
|
1. |
0 - 4 years old |
25 |
14 |
11 |
|
2. |
5 - 9 years old |
12 |
9 |
3 |
|
3. |
10 - 14 years old |
19 |
11 |
8 |
|
4. |
15 - 60 years old |
68 |
42 |
26 |
|
5. |
Over 60 years old |
4 |
1 |
3 |
It was reported that there are 7 deaths which can be represented as 4.5 % of the total population in the village. The main disease found in most deaths are malaria and dengue fever. There are about 8 births each year with 1 malnutrition child and very few immigration to the village due to the marriage to villagers.
The population in this village indicates in 3 different socio-economic stratum as 10 better-off households, 15 averaged households and 3 poor households. Their main occupation is mainly relied on shifting cultivation as found only 3 households have paddy fields of 1.5 hectares. The total area of upland field plots are recorded as 25.6 hectares for the whole village, this means that average holding upland field is about 1.3 hectares per household with the average yield of 1.4 tons per hectare. Rice shortage is found for 3 months of the year for most households. Villagers have to supplement these by selling their livestock.
Livestock rearing is quite important for this village, as found 40 heads of buffaloes, 41 pigs and 128 poultry. Livestock production is produced for only household consumption. Fishing is also carried out for both household consumption and income for other household needs. Selling fish is also found seasonal (only in the dry season) due to the accessibility to the village. Major diseases that caused several deaths of their livestock each year are found in pigs during August and September and in poultry in June. This is likely usual story each year for villagers due to the lack of prevention treatments from local extension services.
Handicraft is considered as the secondary occupation for villagers based on the consumed time for this specific activities beside the income from selling non-timber forest products of about half of all income as sawn timber, and mak chong.
The total figure of income for the whole village is about 6.4 millions kips annually from the main activities, 2 millions kips from secondary activities including selling of non-timber forest products as Mak Chong and fish. Besides, some handicraft was excluded in the secondary income due to the low income and the majority of this activity was produced for their own use.
It was reported that about 400 hectares are under community forest area and 1,039 hectares recognised as old fallows areas. About 1,070 hectares is accounted as the total village area. Land allocation programme was not yet implemented in this village as seen villagers still followed their own system as fallow period of 10 years. Some rules related to control on cutting trees and hunting wildlife animals were set between village headman and villagers are as follows:
Fish as main protein source for villagers and various types of fish found in the area are pachat, palannam, pahangdeng, palat, snack head, pado, catshish, pakeng, pasoy, pakot, turtle, pafa
Villagers highly rely on forest resources as sawn wood for house construction, fuelwood for household use and woodlots for fencing. Wild animals still found based on villager’s reports, such as muntjak deer, wild pig, siamese fireback, squirrel, chip munk, cevet cat, tiger, elephant, bear and others.
- The household expenditure of Pakpe village
- The population of Pakpe village never gets the loans from outside.
- At night the villagers used kerosene and Kabong for lighting
Lack of labour for working in the field.
Lack of buffaloes as draught animal for site preparation (as found only 9 households own buffaloes)
Agriculture production faced with calamities as draught and attacked by insects and rats.
Expansion of rainfed rice fields
Access to credit for expansion of paddy rice fields
Access to tools and equipment for improving their production
Protection their agriculture production from rat and insect attacks.
|
Items of activities |
Period of agriculture activities |
Remark |
|||||||||||
|
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
10 |
11 |
12 |
|
|
Upland Agriculture |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- Slashing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- Sowing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- Weeding |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- Harvesting |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Rainfed Rice |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- Plowing the soil |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- Making the seed bed |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- Transplanting |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- Harvesting |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
There is 1 dispensary where villagers usually used to cure their sicknesses. Besides, villagers often buy medicines from the markets. The majority of the population still follwed their traditional way to treat their sickness. Visit from the district health service was undertaken at least once per year for vaccination children and pregnancy’ women.
There are 2 main sources of water for using and drinking, with 2 latrines for the whole village use. Livestock still found left under houses and in the village.
The main diseases are malaria, dengue fever and others.
There is one school with 1 grade operated in the village. There are only 8 pupils in that school, and other 8 pupils joining neighboured school. Girls attend only the first grade in the village, and then very few follows the second grade.
There is one school operated in the village of one grade with one teacher. Based on the village information, there are 68 people were attended school, this means that they can read and write, but none of them was finished primary school. It was reported that 3 people finished lower secondary school, out of which all are males. The attendance of children was not stable and the majority of children have to help their parents in the farm activities and also looking after their brothers and sisters. The number of girl’s attendency is relatively higher than that of boy’s attendancy.
|
Type of school |
Number of school |
Number of the class |
Number of the student |
||
|
|
|
|
Total |
Male |
Female |
|
Pre-school |
No |
no |
No |
no |
No |
|
Primary school |
1 |
|
|
|
|
1st. class |
|
1 |
8 |
1 |
7 |
2 nd. class |
learn at other village |
|
8 |
6 |
2 |
|
Total |
|
|
16 |
7 |
9 |
There are 6 female headed households who have the whole family responsibilities. Main responsibilities for all women are household workloads as fetching water and rice to the milling, fire woods, cooking, supports to upland agriculture production as growing vegetables, weeding and harvesting, handicrafts, and looking after families including children and the elders.
These workloads were taken their whole day together with the main women’s role as looking after many children. Labour distribution among gender is similar to other villages as decision-making is unlikely for women’s role in the family but participation in addressing some idea still accepted by men.
Data 30/12/1998
Nong Phanouan Village was established about 300 years ago. Before the settlement of this village, villagers used to live in Kok Koysung village where was situated 8 kilometres far from the current village. It is reported that Kok Koysung village was split into different places as Nam Kang, Houay Xay, Koy Makchanh, Houay Sekatam and Nong Phanouan villages. This was due to the severe rice shortage and the potential land for their agricultural practices. This village was selected for the existing of plains suitable for agriculture and livestock production.
Nong Phanouane village is jurisdicated to Paksong district, Champasack Province and located near Tha Oy village about 6 kilometres on the North, Hoauy Jot about 0.5 kilometre in the South, Lasasin about 8 kilometres in the East and Nong Phanouan Dong about 22 kilometres in the West. The total are of this village is about 6,500 hectares.
Villagers have strong beliefs in their own culture as careful looking for the suitable location to settle their houses. They all are animist and believe their ancestor spirit, e.g. wedding ceremony, and curing their sickness.
There is no dispensary in the village, villagers used to go to district hospital about 15 kilometres far from the village. Villagers have 2 community wells for household use and drinking water.
As per record of durable goods owning by villagers, there are 62 motorcycles, 20 bicycles, 6 hand tractors, 25 tapes recorders, 1 water pump, 4 rice mills, 1 electricity machine, 8 rifles, 10 radios, 10 sewing machines, 10 rifles, 5 televisions and 1 video.
The major expenditures of Nong Phanouane village are as follows:
Nong Phanouan village is a big village with 120 households (124 families) of 474 people as the total population in the village. Out of the total population, there are 226 females, and about 196 people can be accounted as main labour in the village. This also includes other outsiders living in the village as 7 district officers, 2 soldiers and 4 transport and communication officers. All villagers are Laven ethnic minority living in the village.
|
No. |
Age |
Total number |
Female |
Male |
|
1. |
0 - 4 years old |
81 |
31 |
50 |
|
2. |
5 - 9 years old |
62 |
28 |
34 |
|
3. |
10 - 14 years old |
66 |
32 |
34 |
|
4. |
15 - 60 years old |
224 |
112 |
112 |
|
5. |
over 60 years old |
41 |
18 |
23 |
The total population in this village can be groupped into 3 socio-economic stratum as 7 better-off households, 104 averaged households and 13 poor households. Shifting cultivation is the main activity practised by all villagers as seen nearly 40 hectares of upland rice fields while there exists only 4 ha of paddy rice fields. This also included coffee plantation of about 100 hectares. Besides, plantation of cardamon is also found interested by villagers. As per villager’s report, the total rice production for the whole village is about 29,800 kg. About 5 months is the rice shortage period annually.
Fishing is found important to their livelihood as seen many water resources found in the surrounding area as Houay Lieng, Houay Sepiane, Houay Phanouane, Nongngat and Nong Ngu. The first river source is the main water source for both drinking and household use while other water sources for fishing due to the abundancy of fish in that area. Many types of fish found in this area are palangnam, patong, pahangdeng, palat, pakang, pako (snack head), pado, catfish, pakeng, pakot and turtles. Beside fishing activity, fish pond is attractive to some villagers as seen about 2 ha of fish pond found in this village.
Livestock raising found relatively important as main assets for households and also for their daily use as drought animals, and source of protein for households. There are 82 buffaloes, 61 cattle, 1 elephant, 20 horses, 10 pigs and 650 of poultry.
The estimate annually income of the population in all village = 34,362,600 kip/year.
About 17.5 hectares is under village forest community. Villagers usually get wood for their household use as for house construction, fuelwood and woodlots for fencing both their house and their fields. Wild animals that villagers often found are as muntjak deer, wild pig, squirrel, chip munk, tiger, elephant, bear, red monkey and others.
Availability land for their agriculture practices
Enough tools for their current practices
The majority households own buffaloes for their agriculture practices
Main activities and time spent are for upland agricultural practices
Agriculture production was affected by insect.
Lack of some tools and equipment for agriculture activity.
Rice shortage for 3 months (August – October)
Infestation by rats, wild boars and insects.
Main deseases found in this village are
- The village has not approach to solved problems of animal died.
- No services from the district extension staff to come and vaccine only for buffalo.
|
Items of activities |
Period of agriculture activities |
Remark |
|||||||||||
|
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
10 |
11 |
12 |
|
|
Upland Agriculture |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- Slashing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- Sowing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- Weeding |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- Harvesting |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Rainfed Rice |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- Plowing the soil |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- Making the seed bed |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- Transplanting |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- Harvesting |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Coffee plantation |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- Slashing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- Burning |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- Plan ting |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- Weeding |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- Harvesting |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
There was one dispensary in the village but nowaday it is not operated. Villagers often go to the district hospital far from village about 15 kilometres. There is also 1 nurse in the village and 1 local health service. Some villagers also used neighboured dispensary and they used to buy medicines for the shop. Traditional medicine still found in use for this village.
Main deseases found in this village are malaria, dengue fever and diarhoea. The majority of the population in this village drink unboiled water from well and rivers. Villagers left their livestock in the village under their houses.
Vaccination for children and pregnancies found twice per year by the visit of district’s health. There is 8 deaths and 14 births recorded from the village’s headman. There is about 6 persons immigrated to live in the village.
There is one complete primary school with the total number of pupils of 82 children, out of which 25 are girls. There are 6 teachers in the village school. As per villager’s report, there are 80 people finished primary school including 20 women. Eventhough there is no lower and higher secondary school there are about 50 persons finished lower secondary school, 4 persons finished higher secondary school and 5 persons finished college, all of them are males. It is also recorded that some children still drooped out from primary school due to the requirement of family for labour and helping their parents.
|
Type of school |
Number of school |
Number of the class |
Number of the student |
||
|
|
|
|
Total |
Male |
Female |
|
Pre-school |
No |
No |
No |
No |
no |
|
Primary school |
1 |
|
|
|
|
1st. class |
|
1 |
36 |
20 |
16 |
2 nd. Class |
|
1 |
11 |
5 |
6 |
3 th. Class |
|
1 |
12 |
6 |
6 |
4 th. Class |
|
1 |
13 |
9 |
4 |
5 th. Class |
|
1 |
10 |
7 |
3 |
|
Total |
|
5 |
82 |
47 |
25 |
|
Lower secondary school |
No |
No |
No |
No |
no |
|
Higher secondary School |
No |
No |
No |
No |
no |
Main activities for women in the village are upland farm activity, handicraft and gardening. There are 30 female-headed household. Household workloads as looking after children, feeding animal, fetching water and fuelwood, cooking and farm works are women’s responsibility in the family. They are working hard all day.
Data 28/12/1998
Pok village is jurisdicated to Saysetha district, Attapeu Province. Pok village is bordered with Xaysamakhy district in the West, the rice fields of Khamakong, Phanteng and Ban Xay on the East, Xaysy village in the South, and Hatsaty and Thalane’s rice field in the North. There is a big village of about 2,123 hectares as village boundary. All villagers are Chung ethnic minorities except 2 Lao Lum married to this ethnic group.
Pok village has one hospital close to the village about 1.5 kilometres. There is no dispensary and nor medical bank. There is one medical assistance, 5 local health services, and 9 mid wives. The main diseases are malaria, dengue fever and others. About 59 wells found as main water source for both drinking and using, and 3 of those wells belong to the whole community. There is one school with 5 grades were operated in the village.
There are 5 rice mills, 90 bicycles, 1 pump and 2 sewing machines found in this village. Torch and lamp are the main tool used at nights.
- The household expenditure of Hoyjot village
- There were 19 families of Pok village received loans from Agriculture Promotion Bank (APB) with 18% as the rate of interest for agriculture activities. There is no problem in paying back to the bank from the past experiences.
Pok Village was established about 300 years ago. This village was resettled and renamed twice from the previous villages as Na Khinou and Na Kosok villages. At first, Na Khinou villagers were fled to settle new village as Na Kosok due to the high epidermic which caused many deaths. Then Na Kosok villagers left their village to settle Pok village due to the village fire. The reason to select this new village is the existing of vaste plains suitable for agriculture practices.
All villagers are ananimist as seen they believe their ancestor spirits and their traditional culture to celebrate ceremonies and treatment their sickness. Having pigs and chicken for their belief ceremony was carried out each year. Nowadays, Lao Lum culture influenced into their culture as seen similar wedding ceremony to Lao Lum culture.
There were numbers of men were died during 1970 -1975 in this surrounding villages especially in Ban Pok. Villagers believed that they had disturb by spirit (inform by villagers and representative of Front Organization), So that the villagers had panicked and run away by making houses outside of village at the field. Number of the people, who lived in the village, was very limited. The village authority had persuade them to return back and limited the time for returning from 1998 - 2000, otherwise will be pay fine about 20,000 kip.
It was composed by 301 household; 339 families; 1,769 peoples; 6 persons were the government’s officers (2 persons were solders and 4 persons were officer of the transport and communication sector of district); 861 peoples were main labors and 155 people secondary labors.
There were reported that about 7 deaths found in last year (all adults), out of which 3 were females. About 25 child were born and 18 persons immigrated to settle in the village in 1998.
Villagers used to go the district dispensary to cure their sickness. Villagers often buy medicines together with some traditional medicines. Villagers drink unboiled water and keep livestock within the village under their houses. Visits of health services were found twice last year for vaccination children and pregnancies.
The socio-economic of the population in this village can groupped under 3 different strata as follows: 52 better-off households, 231 averaged households, and 56 poor households. The main activity is rainfed paddy rice production as seen the total areas of paddy rice fields in this village is about 237 hectares with the average yield of 3.5 tons per hectare.
As per village headman’s report, the annual total rice production is about 290 tons for the whole village, and there is a rice shortage for 6 months.
Livestock raising is found as secondary activity for villagers, as seen 873 buffaloes, 7 cattle, 462 pigs and 2837 poultry. Besides, fishing are also found as secondary activity in this village, as some fish types found consumed by villagers as pajat, carpe, pako, palat, pakang and pafa. Selling labour working in other ‘s rice fields are found as secondary activities for villagers. The average annual income for the whole village is approximate 17 millions kips.
Villagers together set rules of forest and wildlife conservation based on the forest law. About 1,258 hectares are accounted as forest area, in which 305 ha identified as reserve forest, and the rest as forest production. There is no upland fields, but it is reported that there is production forest for the village use of about 220 hectares. Villagers still have access to the use of forest resources as cut some trees for their house construction based on their requests to the village committee, fuelwood, and small logs for fencing.
Villagers also reported that wild animals still found in this areas as muntjak deer, wild boar, squirrel, chip munk, cevet cats, Tiger, elephants, bears, red monkey and others.
There are 3 main streams found nearby these villages (Houay pok, Khykai and Khynou) with other 2 wetlands as Nong Hoy and Nong Sala.
|
Items of activities |
Period of agriculture activities |
Remark |
|||||||||||
|
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
10 |
11 |
12 |
|
|
Rice plantation |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- Plowing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- Seed bed |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- Transplanting |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- Harvesting |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- Threshing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gardening |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- Planting |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
One school with 5 complete grades is operated in the village with 6 teachers (all men). There are 148 pupils as the total number of total children attend school, one third of the total pupils are girls. The majority of girls is dropped after the second grade (see Table bellow) or very few still joint the three last grades. The reason of leaving school is for helping their parents household workload. It is also found about 10 pupils (all boys) attend lower secondary school at nearby village.
|
Type of school |
Number of school |
Number of the class |
Number of the student |
||
|
|
|
|
Total |
Male |
Female |
|
Pre-school |
No |
No |
no |
No |
No |
|
Primary school |
1 |
|
|
|
|
1st. class |
|
2 |
73 |
23 |
50 |
2nd class |
|
1 |
30 |
22 |
8 |
3rd class |
|
1 |
16 |
16 |
|
4th class |
|
1 |
10 |
10 |
|
5th class |
|
1 |
19 |
18 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
148 |
89 |
59 |
|
Lower secondary school |
learn at the other village |
|
|
|
|
1 st. year |
|
|
4 |
4 |
|
2 nd. Year |
|
|
5 |
5 |
|
3 th. Year |
|
|
1 |
1 |
|
|
Higher secondary School |
learn at the other village |
|
no |
no |
no |
All farm activities are shared by all members in the family. Labour within the family is distributed based on the size of workload and the culture, as women are responsible for transplanting rice seedlings, handicraft production for both household use and trading, and caring all household workload as feeding animals, fetching water for household use, firewood, children, cooking and cleanliness in the house. It is found there is high birth rate in this village due to many children found at each household.
In most activities in both village and household levels, women share their idea and experiences along with men as decision making, education and social works, but looking after household budget is women res