Footnotes:

Footnote 1: The Registro Predial de Lima was established under the guidance of the ILD in 1990.
Footnote 2: The Registro Predial in Peru functions only in the Region of Lima, one of 13 administrative regions in the country. The political structure in Peru consists of 24 Departments which are subdivided into Provinces, which in turn are subdivided into Districts. The Departments were clustered into 13 Regions in 1985. The Lima Region consists of nine Provinces. Lima is the name of the capital city of Peru; it is also the name of a Region, Department, Province and District.
Footnote 3: The team consisted of a surveying engineer experienced in cadastral mapping as well as titling and registration systems and a sociologist knowledgeable in titling and registration systems and its socio-economic impacts.
Footnote 4: We could not confirm if all the Registros de Propiedad Inmueble in the rest of Peru have also introduced the parcel-based system. With regard to computerized procedures, we were told that Registro de Propiedad Inmueble offices in some other departments have begun to computerize their information, but this was not true for the two Registro de Propiedad Inmueble offices we visited in the cities of Lima and Cañete.
Footnote 5: Reglamento de Organización y Funciones del Proyecto Especial de Titulación de Tierras y Procedimientos sobre Titulación, Catastro y Registro," prepared by the Ministry of Agriculture, PETT program.
Footnote 6: This legal jurisdiction is explained in the discussion on Laws 495, 496, and 667 in the Legal Framework (Section V) of this report.
Footnote 7: Decreto Legislativo 667 (September 1991) created the Registro de Predios Rurales as part of the Registro Predial.
Footnote 8: The Japanese government in 1993 financed a pilot project for registering these rural properties. The funds were administered by the World Bank and funneled through the ILD.
Footnote 9: Parceleros are members of the agricultural production cooperatives who received parcels of land when the cooperative land was parcelized.
Footnote 10: Yanaconas were a type of tenant farmer working on the haciendas along the coast until the 1960s.
Footnote 11: During the 1970s and 1980s, the source of most agricultural credit was the governmental Banco Agrario. During the late 1980s and into 1990 and 1991, the Banco Agrario greatly reduced its credit lines. With its demise in early 1992, farmers, particularly small farmers, lost their major source of production credit. Credit sources since then have been largely limited to loans from agri-businesses (e.g., cotton gins), wholesalers, and other intermediaries.
Footnote 12: The parent company of KARPA is ORION, a financial institution that is part of the CARSA corporation. These companies are best known for the distribution and financing of consumer products. In the last year and a half, KARPA has set up three building supply stores (north, east, and south of Lima) in the Pueblos Jóvenes surrounding Lima.
Footnote 13: In July 1995, Law 26505 was passed; one of its most significant clauses removes all limits on landholding size.
Footnote 14: No prior permission is necessary for subdividing a parcel of agricultural land, but if the parcel size is under the permitted minimum area, the Registry will not register the transaction.
Footnote 15: A detailed description and analysis of the 1964 and 1969 agrarian reform laws can be found in Lastarria-Cornhiel (1989).
Footnote 16: Such as the sugar-cane cooperatives on the coast north of Lima (Trujillo-Chiclayo area) and the cotton-producing cooperatives in the far north (Piura).
Footnote 17: Until the 1970s, recognition was given by the Corporación Nacional de Vivienda (National Housing Corporation). During the military governments of the 1970s, this function was taken over by SINAMOS, then the Ministry of Housing. Since 1980, the provincial municipalities have been charged with this responsibility.
Footnote 18: Since the municipality is essentially the owner of unclaimed land, it has the jurisdiction to title and transfer land rights in this area to private individuals or other entities.
Footnote 19: Approximately 5% of the families do not register their titles through the municipality; the most common reason is lack of funds to pay the registration fee.
Footnote 20: Adverse possession is a legal mechanism for acquiring full ownership rights through open continuous possession and use of the land.
Footnote 21: As mentioned in the section on Institutional Framework, KARPA gives both financial and material support to the Provincial Municipality of Lima (the government agency that issues land titles to Pueblos Jóvenes) and the Registro Predial.
Footnote 22: For example, 3/8-inch rods cost US$5.72 each at KARPA and between US$2.56 and US$2.72 at other stores, pandereta bricks cost US$258.70 per thousand at KARPA and US$127.27 at other stores.
Footnote 23: Estimates in the Valley of Cañete, a major cotton-growing area in Department of Lima, put the proportion of small farmers with production credit at 20%.
Footnote 24: The cotton gins in Cañete give out credit lines of US$500-700 per hectare for cotton production; the loan is guaranteed with a lien on the harvest and a mortgage on the land.
Footnote 25: CEPES is working with solidarity groups in Huaral, Solidarity in Chiclayo, CIPCA in Piura, and the Instituto Rural Valle Grande in Cañete.
Footnote 26: For example, CEPES in Huaral charges the solidarity groups a 3% fee.
Footnote 27: Most commercial and/or formal credit institutions require not only that property be titled to the owner, but also that the title be registered. Some banks are giving credit lines to small farmers organized into solidarity groups, whether their titles are registered or not, which would seem to indicate that property mortgages are not always necessary to obtain formal credit.
Footnote 28: The Registro Predial was able to maintain only one small office in Cañete (south of Lima) with one staff person. This office in not autonomous, but rather must send all its registration transactions to the Lima office.
Footnote 29: These studies include: Stanfield (1990), Strasma (1989), Seligson and Nesman (1989), Boster et al. (1989).