Frithjof Kuhnen (1996):
Synthesis of Current State of and Trends in Land Tenure and Land Policy in Asia

4.2.4 Land Tenure in Other Agricultural and Rural Development Projects / Programmes

The land tenure situation influences more or less all agricultural and rural development projects:

• Supplying drinking water to the village by means of water pipes is apt to end up with taps being installed in front of the large farmers' houses.
• Agricultural extension concentrated on cash crops neglects the smallholder, just as many T+V projects do.
• Biogas projects are usually most successful when they involve large farmers who have the financial means, information, labourers to do the cleaning, and who just enjoy the prestige.
• Projects concerning animal production usually help the medium farmer since he alone has the necessary resources.
• Women's promotion depends on resource endowment. All other projects usually have a special impact on women.

The list could be extended endlessly.

Whenever

• distribution of power and influence in the society,
• income and its distribution, and
• production and productivity

are influenced, land tenure also exercises influence.

Therefore, in all projects there is need for

• careful target group analyses, using groupings which are realistic locally ('small farmers' are no relevant target group, but a combination of conditions involving different life styles, economic situations and personal outlooks),
• an analysis of the ownership and tenancy pattern,
• an analysis of the size of holdings (ownership and management),
• an analysis of non-agricultural activities and incomes,
• an analysis of smallholders' and their children's interest in agriculture and their outlook for the future,
• prevent that, as a result of the project, the rich become richer.