Footnotes:
| Footnote 1: | See Islam Karimov, speech to the Cabinett of Ministers in German translations: "Die Entwicklung der Dehkhanenwirtschaft ist der Weg zum Reichtum", 1994; and the Interview with G. Talipov, Fieldnotes J.E., p.40 f. |
| Footnote 2: | Two of the Kolkhoz visits and one of the interviews with an administrative body were shared by Julia Eckert and Georg Elwert. The others were realised by Julia Eckert. We relied on interpretors (Eleonora Shardan, Russian; Akmal Khudaikulov, Uzbek) and used our knowledge of Russian (J.E.) and rudimentary understanding of Farsi (G.E.) and Uzbek (J.E., G.E.) as a means to control the interview situation. |
| Footnote 3: | All percentage points given in the text refer to these numbers. |
| Footnote 4: | Following decrees have been drafted:
|
| Footnote 5: | See Islam Karimov, "The Road of Independence and Progress", Tashkent, 1992. |
| Footnote 6: | This support expresses itself mainly in the way of: "Now we can know who works well and who is lazy." By the Hokhims this is seen as the great advantage of the new model. Fieldnotes J.E., p. 64, p.69, p.83, p.98. |
| Footnote 7: | An exception are those farmers which became private farmers before February 1994 as well as those who collectively took over inefficient kolkhoz units (including lifestock, buildings and equipment.) |
| Footnote 8: | See workshop minutes p.13. Numbers provided by Goskomprognostat indicate a different situation: 3.690000 people are employed in the agricultural sector of Uzbekistan. There are 36 mio. ha arable land, 33 mio. of which are irrigated. If all agricultural workers of Uzbekistan would found a private farm on irrigated land, each of their plots would be 8.94 ha. large. |
| Footnote 9: | There were suggestions to engage in resettlement schemes from the Ferghana valley to Karakalpakistan similar to those of the settlement of the Hunger step. (See workshop minutes p.29/30) |
| Footnote 10: | Experiments were being undertaken in several agrofirms. |
| Footnote 11: | See interview with Talipov, Fieldnotes J.E., p.145, also Binsack, Rathey, Schulz: "Konzeptionelle Überlegungen für die bilaterale deutsch-uzbekische Zusammenarbeit auf dem Geiet effizienter und ökologieverträglicher Boden- und Wassernutzung unter Berücksichtigung der Nahrungsmittelversorgung." p. 5, 1994. |
| Footnote 12: | For a contrary view in favour of shareholding and Shirkat see the UN social development report 1995, Chapter 4: The Transition to Market Economy in Agriculture, Tashkent, May 1995, p.60ff. |
| Footnote 13: | From an interview with G. Talipov, Fieldnotes J.E., p.42/43. |
| Footnote 14: | In his speech, President Karimov announces the punishment of corrupt officials in advance, as if this was exceptional. (see p.12.) |
| Footnote 15: | See Fieldnotes J.E., p. 04. |
| Footnote 16: | See Eugen Schuyler: Turkistan; Notes on a Journey in Russian Turkistan, Khokand, Bukhara and Kuldja; New York, 1877. Ian Murray Matley: Agricultural Developement, in: Edward Allworth: Central Asia, Durham and London, 1989. |
| Footnote 17: | Fieldnotes J.E., p. 52, p.79. |
| Footnote 18: | Fieldnotes J.E., p. 56, p.114. |
| Footnote 19: | Fieldnotes J.E., p.55, p.123. |
| Footnote 20: | Further research should be done into the inexplicit rules of community property. |
| Footnote 21: | see the ethnographist A. Jabbarov, workshop minutes, p. 40. |
| Footnote 22: | Fieldnotes J.E., p.89, p. 104. |
| Footnote 23: | Fieldnotes J.E., p. 78. Interestingly, it was more important for the community that the children of the "mixed" family spoke the Uzbek language and that they were brought up as Uzbeks, than that the non-Uzbek women spoke Uzbek. |
| Footnote 24: | Fieldnotes J.E., p.94, p.102, p.104. |
| Footnote 25: | See report by the private farmer Mukhtabor, workshop minutes, p.34 - 36 |
| Footnote 26: | Fieldnotes J.E., p.29., p.74, p.84, p.124. |
| Footnote 27: | Interview with G. Talipov. |
| Footnote 28: | From an Interview with G. Talipov |
| Footnote 29: | Data quoted by the UN social development report, page 61, citing Goskomprognostat, Final data recording land under agricultural crops for 1994, Tashkent, 1995. |
| Footnote 30: | See Fieldnotes J.E., p.59, p.63, p.71, p.77, p.84, p.98/99, p.118. |
| Footnote 31: | This is the view of many farmers who feel the need for more training. See Fieldnotes J.E., p. 72, p. 80, p. 83, p. 87, p. 93/94, p. 100. Contrary to this members of the ministries see the family yards as a preparation for private farming. See G.Talipov, Fieldnotes J.E., p. 146 |
| Footnote 32: | ibid. |
| Footnote 33: | See Fieldnotes p.89, p. 94, p.100. |
| Footnote 34: | Fieldnotes J.E., p. 85. |
| Footnote 35: | Fieldnotes J.E., p. 57, p.89, p.91, p. 98, p.101, p. 102, p.158. |
| Footnote 36: | Fieldnotes p. 73; see also J. Eckert, "Konfliktregulierung in ethnisch heterogenen Staaten: Das beispiel Uzbekistan.", p.17f To be published. |
| Footnote 37: | See Fieldnotes J.E., p. 72, p. 80, p. 83, p. 87, p. 93/94, p. 100. |
| Footnote 38: | See Fieldnotes J.E., p. 26f, p.72, p.80, p.92, p.103. |
| Footnote 39: | For a study about the problems of inappropriate landuse planning, erosion and potential improvements see: G.A. Talipov, "Zemelnuiye resursui uzbekistana i problemui ikh razionalnovo icpolzovaniya." Tashkent, 1992. |
| Footnote 40: | Fieldnotes J.E., p.165 |
| Footnote 41: | Meaning a geometer. |
| Footnote 42: | Fieldnotes J.E.,p.57, p.102. |
| Footnote 43: | Fieldnotes J.E., p.75. |
| Footnote 44: | Vinyards and Orchards are usually on very bad soil. Those which have the worst quality are now being privatised. See EC Consultative Strategy Study "Support Service to Private Farmers", p.50, October 1994. And Fieldnotes J.E., p.45. |
| Footnote 45: | See Interviews with the Hokhimiats, Fieldnotes J.E., p.24, p. 60ff, p.67, p.83. p.105. |
| Footnote 46: | See above. |
| Footnote 47: | In one case close to Bukhara not even water had to be paid. See Fieldnotes J.E., p. 88. |
| Footnote 48: | See Interviews with Hokhimiats and Kolkhoz Administrations, Fieldnotes J.E., p.23, p.30, p. 61., p.68, p.77, p.83, p. 98, p.105 p. 124. |
| Footnote 49: | Interview with a Hokhim, Fieldnotes J.E., p.67 |
| Footnote 50: | See Fieldnotes J.E., p.23, and chapter V.4. on ethnic relations. |
| Footnote 51: | See Fieldnotes J.E., p. 23, p. 84, p.87, p.101. |
| Footnote 52: | Fieldnotes p. 87. |
| Footnote 53: | See interview with the vice minister of labour 1993 in J. Eckert, p.29. |
| Footnote 54: | See Fieldnotes J.E., p.22, p. 74, p.84, p.99., p. 125. |
| Footnote 55: | See especially Fieldnotes J.E., p. 84. |
| Footnote 56: | Fieldnotes J.E., p. 26, p. 53, p.85. |
| Footnote 57: | Interview with unemployed women, Fieldnotes J.E., p.74. |
| Footnote 58: | Interviews with Shareholders and Shirkat-farmers, Fieldnotes J.E., p. 25, p. 26, p. 85, p. 90, p. 95, p. 102. |
| Footnote 59: | Fieldnotes J.E., p. 29, p. 63, p.70, p. 75, p.83. During the workshop a private farmer asked to introduce a law to distribute land close to the villages. Workshop minutes p. 38. |
| Footnote 60: | See Fieldnotes J.E., p. 30, p. 92/93, p.97. |
| Footnote 61: | Fieldnotes J.E., p.92. |
| Footnote 62: | Fieldnotes J.E., p. 26, p. 85, p. 93. |
| Footnote 63: | A Hokhim Fieldnotes J.E., p. 76. |
| Footnote 64: | See interview with Hokhims Fieldnotes J.E., p. 64, p.69, p. 83. |
| Footnote 65: | See Interviews with Shirkat farmers, Fieldnotes p.90, p.92. |
| Footnote 66: | Fieldnotes J.E., p.89, p. 92/93. |
| Footnote 67: | Fieldnotes J.E., p. 85, p. 92, p. 102. |
| Footnote 68: | These were reports by neighbours. (Fieldnotes J.E., p.92, p.102, p.104.) We never spoke personally to a victim of such overestimation. |
| Footnote 69: | Fieldnotes J.E., p. 104. |
| Footnote 70: | Fieldnotes J.E., p.93. |
| Footnote 71: | Fieldnotes J.E., p.99. |
| Footnote 72: | Fieldnotes J.E., p.84, p.99, p.124. |
| Footnote 73: | Fieldnotes J.E., p. 22, p. 70, p.89, p.90, |
| Footnote 74: | See the interviews with the Hokhimiats, Fieldnotes J.E., p. 61, p.68, p. 83, p.98, p.05. Available manpower per family was not calculated according to working hours spend on the field by each family member but merely to the number of family members able to work. |
| Footnote 75: | See the interviews with kolkhoz administrations and Hokhimiats. Fieldnotes J.E., p.23, p. 61, p.68, p. 74, p. 83, p.98, p.99, p.105, p.125. |
| Footnote 76: | See interviews with Shirkat farmers and shareholders, Fieldnotes J.E., p.25, p.26, p.89, p.93. |
| Footnote 77: | Fieldnotes J.E., p.89, p.90. |
| Footnote 78: | Fieldnotes p.23, p.74, p.84, p. 99, p.105. |
| Footnote 79: | Interview with the chairman of a shareholding, Fieldnotes J.E., p.23. See also the agronomist on the same institution, p.25. |
| Footnote 80: | Fieldnotes J.E., p. 88, p.98, p.104. |
| Footnote 81: | Fieldnotes J.E., p.24, p. 85, p. 89. |
| Footnote 82: | Fieldnotes J.E., p.92. |
| Footnote 83: | Fieldnotes J.E., p.89, p.90. |
| Footnote 84: | See Chapter V. on Conflict resolution. |
| Footnote 85: | This was expressed by one Hokhim, Fieldnotes J.E., p.66. |
| Footnote 86: | Fieldnotes J.E., p. 80 - 82 |
| Footnote 87: | In some cases the land was transferred and the house built at the 18th birthday of a young man. |
| Footnote 88: | This seems in contrast to the inheritance law of the Sharia, which means the whole inheritance to be devided between all male descendants. People were not aware of this difference. In the contrary, they advocated the rule as Islamic law. We could not find out when the ruling came into use in Uzbekistan. |
| Footnote 89: | Interview with an Aksokol, Fieldnotes J.E., p.53. |
| Footnote 90: | See interviews with the Hokhimiats, Fieldnotes J.E., p.63, p.69, p.98, p. 105. |
| Footnote 91: | Women farmers, Fieldnotes J.E., p.96. |
| Footnote 92: | Fieldnotes J.E., p.66, p.70, p.75, p. 84. |
| Footnote 93: | Fieldnotes J.E., p.89, p. 93. |
| Footnote 94: | See the UN report on social development, p.62. |
| Footnote 95: | They depend on crop directives only as far as their lease payments are made in specific crops. |
| Footnote 96: | F. Kayumov, workshop minutes, p.14. |
| Footnote 97: | see table I, chapter III. |
| Footnote 98: | see workshop minutes p.17. |
| Footnote 99: | This data is known by the leaseholder, be it the Shirkat, an Agrofirm or an individual farmer. |
| Footnote 100: | see B. Lorot of the EC Project, "Support Service to private farmers", during the workshop discussion, minutes p.36. |
| Footnote 101: | Interview with shareholders, Fieldnotes J.E., p.73. |
| Footnote 102: | Compare chapter III.3 on Shirkats. |
| Footnote 103: | Interviews with private farmers p. 57, p.66, p. 106, p. 158. But also Shirkat farmers and women selling the produce from their gardens met the difficulties of inadequate processing technology, Fieldnotes J.E., p. 56, p.81, p. 90, p. 92, p.104. |
| Footnote 104: | The ministries expressed difficulties with the determining of the value of urban properties or building land; see chapter VIII. on development co-operation. |
| Footnote 105: | Fieldnotes J.E., p. 57, p. 84, p.89, p. 92, p.98. |
| Footnote 106: | See decree nr. 87, 25.2.1994. |
| Footnote 107: | Interviews with private farmers, Fieldnotes J.E., p. 89, p. 158. |
| Footnote 108: | Fieldnotes J.E., p.26, p.82, p.93. |
| Footnote 109: | Interview with two private cattle farmers and a Dehkhan farmer, Fieldnotes J.E., p.66, p.89, p.158. |
| Footnote 110: | See Ina Fok, workshop minutes p. 5/6. |
| Footnote 111: | Fieldnotes, p. 59, p.89. |
| Footnote 112: | B. Lorot in the workshop discussion, minutes p.36. |
| Footnote 113: | Interview with Shirkat farmers, Fieldnotes p. 95. |
| Footnote 114: | Interview with G. Talipov |
| Footnote 115: | Fieldnotes J.E., p. 73. |
| Footnote 116: | Fieldnotes G.E. |
| Footnote 117: | From interviews with Aksokols, see Fieldnotes J.E., p. 52 - 56, p. 79, p. 123. |
| Footnote 118: | This is reminiscent of the rule that a farmer has to have at least 30 units of cattle. |
| Footnote 119: | In one case a young kolkhoz chairman had become Aksokol at his early age "because it is convenient to have one person in both positions." Fieldnotes J.E.p.77. |
| Footnote 120: | see Fieldnotes J.E., p. 52, p. 79, p. 123. |
| Footnote 121: | Fieldnotes J.E., p.66 |
| Footnote 122: | Fieldnotes J.E., p.93 - 96. |
| Footnote 123: | Fieldnotes J.E., p.71, p.88. |
| Footnote 124: | Interview with shareholders, Fieldnotes J.E., p.106. |
| Footnote 125: | Interview with four Shirkat farmers, Fieldnotes J.E., p.92 - 96. |
| Footnote 126: | One of the farmers, Fieldnotes J.E., p.95. |
| Footnote 127: | Interview with Shirkat farmers, Fieldnotes J.E., p.96. |
| Footnote 128: | Hereditary legitimisation and "ruling families" do not all stem from pre-soviet times. During the 70 years of Soviet rule, new families acquired hereditary sinecures. |
| Footnote 129: | Georg Elwert, "Markets, venality and moral economy." ISPS, Yale University, 1984. |
| Footnote 130: | Julia Eckert, p.5/6. Currently women represent 50% of the agricultural workforce. See the Interview with the vice minister of labour, ibid. |
| Footnote 131: | Fieldnotes J.E., p.73. p.80. |
| Footnote 132: | ibid., p.29f. Additionally kindergardens have been closed due to financial difficulties and women are therefore forced to stay at home. |
| Footnote 133: | Fieldnotes J.E.p.25, p.73, p.81, p.89, p.90, p.96. |
| Footnote 134: | A young man without children. |
| Footnote 135: | See UN Report on Social development, p.56/57. |
| Footnote 136: | ibid. |
| Footnote 137: | ibid. p.58 |
| Footnote 138: | Fieldnotes J.E., p.80, p.91. |
| Footnote 139: | Fieldnotes J.E., p.71, p.73. |
| Footnote 140: | Fieldnotes J.E.p.73, p.80. |
| Footnote 141: | Fieldnotes J.E.p.91. |
| Footnote 142: | See Fieldnotes J.E., p.82. |
| Footnote 143: | see F. Kayumov, workshop minutes p.16. |
| Footnote 144: | A Hokhim, Fieldnotes J.E., p.66 |
| Footnote 145: | Goskomprognostat, Uzbekistan in Figures for 1993, Tashkent, 1994. |
| Footnote 146: | Fieldnotes J.E.p.92, p.102, p.104. |
| Footnote 147: | See especially the report of three young men in a mountain village, Fieldnotes J.E., p.80. |
| Footnote 148: | Interviews with student from rural areas. |
| Footnote 149: | Fieldnotes G.E., Bukhara 1.6., 2.6. |
| Footnote 150: | See J.Eckert, 1993. |
| Footnote 151: | See for example: Yaakov Ro'i: "Central Asian Riots and Disturbances 1989-1990: Causes and Context, in: Central Asian Survey, Vol.10, No.3, 1991 |
| Footnote 152: | See for example: Abidin Bozdag: "Konfliktregion Kirghisien. Dynamik und Eskalation der blutigen Zusammenstöße 1990", in: Orient, Jg.32, Nr.3, 1991. |
| Footnote 153: | see for example Olivier Roy: "Violence Ethnique et Conflits Ideologiques en Asie Centrale", in: Center for Political Research and Studies, Cairo (Hg.), Violence Politique dans le Monde Arabe, Cairo, 1993, (Manuskript) |
| Footnote 154: | Fieldnotes J.E.p.23. |
| Footnote 155: | Fieldnotes J.E.p.82. |
| Footnote 156: | Fieldnotes J.E., p.55 |
| Footnote 157: | There is a large number of jokes about the lazy Russian who can only work the land if he has a huge tractor and hundreds of ha. The Uzbeks portraid as achieving the same amount of harvest with their bare hand from little plots. see Fieldnotes J.E., p.55. |
| Footnote 158: | see J. Eckert, p.113 |
| Footnote 159: | The trading on local bazaars which farmers do themselves is seen as a minor task in the overall farming activity. |
| Footnote 160: | For example, a difference is made between Russians who migrated to Central Asia before the 1960 and those who came in the course of the industrialisation scheme under Chrustchov. The former are seen as committed to their new home, while the latter are considered to be temporary "colonial experts". See J. Eckert, 1993. For a theoretical exploration see: G.Elwert, 1995: Boundaries, cohesion and switching. |
| Footnote 161: | Residence permits also took into account ethnic quotas. |
| Footnote 162: | See J. Eckert, p.16 - 32, p.117ff. |
| Footnote 163: | ibid, p.112 |
| Footnote 164: | Fieldnotes J.E.p.56, p.66, p.79, p.90 |
| Footnote 165: | See J. Eckert, p.112. |
| Footnote 166: | See Islam Karimov, "The Road of Independence and Progress", Tashkent, 1992. |
| Footnote 167: | F. Kayumov, workshop minutes, p. 13. |
| Footnote 168: | Islam Karimov, 1992, p.10. |
| Footnote 169: | See Gerd Spittler, "Die Struktur der Bürokratie in afrikanischen Agrarstaaten und die Agrarpolitik." In: Staat und Entwicklung, Frankfurt 1981. |