Footnotes:
| Footnote 1: | However, Mathuba (1994) states that these tribunals are in the process of being created and are not as yet in operation. |
| Footnote 2: | For a bibliography of the extensive literature on tenure and legal reforms in Senegal, see Freudenberger (1993a). For key works, consult Le Roy (1985); Moleur (1982); and Rutake (1988). |
| Footnote 3: | "Décret no. 72-1288 du 27 octobre 1972 relatif aux conditions d’affectation et de désaffectation des terres du domaine national comprises dans les communautés rurales" (Journal Officiel 1972b, p. 1894), "modifié par le Décret no. 80-1051 du 14 octobre 1980" (Journal Officiel 1980, p. 1298). |
| Footnote 4: | The following analysis and conclusions are based on the resource management and planning study conducted for USAID/Senegal and reported by Freudenberger (1993b). |
| Footnote 5: | "Loi 60-29 du 25 mai 1960 interdisant le payment de la dîme et de l’Achoura," Journal Officiel de la République du Niger du 1er Juillet 1960 |
| Footnote 6: | "Loi 61-30 du 19 juillet 1961 fixant la procedure de confirmation et d’Expropriation des droits fonciers coutumiers en République du Niger," Journal Officiel de la République du Niger du 25 Septembre 1961. |
| Footnote 7: | "Loi 62-07 du 12 mars 1962 supprimant les privilèges acquis sur les terres de chefferie," Journal Officiel de la République du Niger du 15 Mars 1962. |
| Footnote 8: | The 10 April 1962 Circulaire No. 21/PRN/SEP of President Diori clarified Art. 2 of the 1961-7 Law. |
| Footnote 9: | The 28 October 1959 decree regulates grazing and movement of livestock in agricultural areas. The decree created commissions at the canton level with the mandate of resolving land use conflicts between farmers. The decree also fixed fines to be paid in case of damages. |
| Footnote 10: | The 18 December 1974 speech of President Seyni Kountché. |
| Footnote 11: | In 1990, Nigeriens undertook their National Conference to assess thirty years of governance in Niger and established the foundations of a democratic process and presidential elections in Niger. |
| Footnote 12: | "Décret 62-128 du 29 mai 1962 determinant la composition et les modalités de fonctionnement des commissions domaniales chargées d’établir à titre consultatif les chefs de circonscriptions en vue de dénombrer les ex-terrains de chefferie et d’identifier les cultivateurs qui les mettaient habituellement en culture" (Sidikou 1982). |
| Footnote 13: | Ordonnance Nº 75-7 du 28 juillet 1975 modifiant la Loi Nº 62-11 du 16 mars 1962 fixant l’organisation et la competence des juridictions de la République du Niger. |
| Footnote 14: | The 29 October 1979 Decree (Nº 79-165/PCMS) established the National Commission for the Creation of the Development Society (CNSD). |
| Footnote 15: | Arrêté Nº 76/MI/MDI/DAPA du 1 juillet 1987 fixant la composition des commissions chargées d’examiner les litiges relatifs à la circulation et le droit au patûrage du betail dans les zones de cultures. |
| Footnote 16: | The members were two CSRD (Conseillers sous régionaux de développement), one representative of farmers, one representative of the herders, the head of the commune or arrondissement’s agricultural service, the head of the commune or arrondissement’s livestock service, the head of the commune or arrondissement’s wildlife and forest service, the concerned canton or groupement chief, the head of the police or the of the gendarmerie brigade. |
| Footnote 17: | To date, fifteen complementary texts have been identified: titling and rights registration (dossier rural); decentralization and the status of forests; development (mise en valeur); expropriation for public utility; fish and fisheries; forestry; herding areas (terroirs d’attache); land use contracts; conflicts resolution; property rights; rural concessions; land management schemes (schémas d’aménagements foncier); status of lands developed by the state: irrigation, vegetable gardening, and so forth; wildlife; and definition of the status and role of tenure commissions. |
| Footnote 18: | Décret Nº 89-002/PM du 28 juillet 1989 portant creation du Comité National du Code Rural." |
| Footnote 19: | Art. 118 of the Principes d’Orientation du Code Rural determines the composition of tenure commissions that are to be chaired by the mayor or the subprefect. |
| Footnote 20: | Art. 120 of the Principes d’Orientation du Code Rural. |
| Footnote 21: | Art. 121 of the Principes d’Orientation du Code Rural. |
| Footnote 22: | Art. 149 of the Principes d’Orientation du Code Rural. |
| Footnote 23: | Field research and analysis for this chapter are based on the study for the USAID/The Gambia and reported in Freudenberger, Sheehan et al (1994). |
| Footnote 24: | All recent laws are recorded in Gambia (1990). |
| Footnote 25: | Field data are reviewed in Freudenberger et al. (1994); Freudenberger and Sheehan (1994); Sheehan (1994); and Freudenberger and Gannon (1992). |